Compare British Indian Ocean Territory (2003) - Rwanda (2004)

Compare British Indian Ocean Territory (2003) z Rwanda (2004)

	British Indian Ocean Territory (2003)	Rwanda (2004)

Administrative divisions	-	12 prefectures (in French - prefectures, singular - prefecture; in Kinyarwanda - plural - NA, singular - prefegitura); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Kigali Rurale, Kigali-ville, Umutara, Ruhengeri
Age structure	-	0-14 years: 42.3% (male 1,690,122; female 1,674,147) 15-64 years: 55% (male 2,178,956; female 2,194,526) 65 years and over: 2.7% (male 85,472; female 130,790) (2004 est.)
Agriculture - products	-	coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; livestock
Airports	1 (2002)	9 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways	total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2002)	total: 4 over 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways	-	total: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)
Area	total: 60 sq km land: 60 sq km water: 0 sq km note: includes the entire Chagos Archipelago	total: 26,338 sq km land: 24,948 sq km water: 1,390 sq km
Area - comparative	about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC	slightly smaller than Maryland
Background	Established as a territory of the UK in 1965, a number of the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) islands were transferred to the Seychelles when it attained independence in 1976. Subsequently, BIOT has consisted only of the six main island groups comprising the Chagos Archipelago. The largest and most southerly of the islands, Diego Garcia, contains a joint UK-US naval support facility. All of the remaining islands are uninhabited. Former agricultural workers, earlier residents in the islands, were relocated primarily to Mauritius but also to the Seychelles, between 1967 and 1973. In 2000, a British High Court ruling invalidated the local immigration order that had excluded them from the archipelago, but upheld the special military status of Diego Garcia.	In 1959, three years before independence from Belgium, the majority ethnic group, the Hutus, overthrew the ruling Tutsi king. Over the next several years, thousands of Tutsis were killed, and some 150,000 driven into exile in neighboring countries. The children of these exiles later formed a rebel group, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), and began a civil war in 1990. The war, along with several political and economic upheavals, exacerbated ethnic tensions, culminating in April 1994 in the genocide of roughly 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus. The Tutsi rebels defeated the Hutu regime and ended the killing in July 1994, but approximately 2 million Hutu refugees - many fearing Tutsi retribution - fled to neighboring Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and the former Zaire. Since then, most of the refugees have returned to Rwanda, but about 10,000 that remain in the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo have formed an extremist insurgency bent on retaking Rwanda, much as the RPF tried in 1990. Despite substantial international assistance and political reforms - including Rwanda's first local elections in March 1999 and its first post-genocide presidential and legislative elections in August and September 2003, respectively - the country continues to struggle to boost investment and agricultural output, and ethnic reconciliation is complicated by the real and perceived Tutsi political dominance. Kigali's increasing centralization and intolerance of dissent, the nagging Hutu extremist insurgency across the border, and Rwandan involvement in two wars in recent years in the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo continue to hinder Rwanda's efforts to escape its bloody legacy.
Birth rate	-	40.01 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Budget	-	revenues: $365.9 million expenditures: $402.9 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2003 est.)
Capital	-	Kigali
Climate	tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds	temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible
Coastline	698 km	0 km (landlocked)
Constitution	-	a new constitution was adopted 26 May 2003
Country name	conventional long form: British Indian Ocean Territory conventional short form: none abbreviation: BIOT	conventional long form: Rwandese Republic conventional short form: Rwanda local long form: Republika y'u Rwanda local short form: Rwanda former: Ruanda
Currency	-	Rwandan franc (RWF)
Death rate	-	21.86 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Debt - external	-	$1.3 billion (2000 est.)
Dependency status	overseas territory of the UK; administered by a commissioner, resident in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in London	-
Diplomatic representation from the US	none (overseas territory of the UK)	chief of mission: Ambassador Margaret K. McMILLION embassy: #337 Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali mailing address: B. P. 28, Kigali telephone: [250] 50 56 01 through 03 FAX: [250] 57 2128
Diplomatic representation in the US	none (overseas territory of the UK)	chief of mission: Ambassador Zac NSENGA chancery: 1714 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 232-2882 FAX: [1] (202) 232-4544
Disputes - international	Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Archipelago and its former inhabitants, who reside chiefly in Mauritius, but in 2001 were granted UK citizenship and the right to repatriation since eviction in 1965; repatriation is complicated by the US military lease of Diego Garcia, the largest island in the chain	Tutsi, Hutu, Hema, Lendu, and other conflicting ethnic groups, associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces continue fighting in Great Lakes region, transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda to gain control over populated areas and natural resources - government heads pledge to end conflicts, but localized violence continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts
Economic aid - recipient	-	$372.9 million (1999)
Economy - overview	All economic activity is concentrated on the largest island of Diego Garcia, where joint UK-US defense facilities are located. Construction projects and various services needed to support the military installations are done by military and contract employees from the UK, Mauritius, the Philippines, and the US. There are no industrial or agricultural activities on the islands. When the Ilois return, they plan to reestablish sugarcane production and fishing.	Rwanda is a poor rural country with about 90% of the population engaged in (mainly subsistence) agriculture. It is the most densely populated country in Africa; landlocked with few natural resources and minimal industry. Primary foreign exchange earners are coffee and tea. The 1994 genocide decimated Rwanda's fragile economic base, severely impoverished the population, particularly women, and eroded the country's ability to attract private and external investment. However, Rwanda has made substantial progress in stabilizing and rehabilitating its economy to pre-1994 levels, although poverty levels are higher now. GDP has rebounded, and inflation has been curbed. Export earnings, however, have been hindered by low beverage prices, depriving the country of much needed hard currency. Attempts to diversify into non-traditional agriculture exports such as flowers and vegetables have been stymied by a lack of adequate transportation infrastructure. Despite Rwanda's fertile ecosystem, food production often does not keep pace with population growth, requiring food to be imported. Rwanda continues to receive substantial aid money and was approved for IMF-World Bank Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) initiative debt relief in late 2000. But Kigali's high defense expenditures cause tension between the government and international donors and lending agencies.
Electricity - consumption	NA kWh	140 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports	-	0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports	-	50 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - production	NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by the US military	96.78 million kWh (2001)
Elevation extremes	lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location on Diego Garcia 15 m	lowest point: Rusizi River 950 m highest point: Volcan Karisimbi 4,519 m
Environment - current issues	NA	deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; widespread poaching
Environment - international agreements	-	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
Ethnic groups	-	Hutu 84%, Tutsi 15%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%
Exchange rates	-	Rwandan francs per US dollar - 537.658 (2003), 476.327 (2002), 442.801 (2001), 389.696 (2000), 333.942 (1999)
Executive branch	chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) head of government: Commissioner Alan HUCKLE (since 2001); Administrator Louise SAVILL (since NA); note - both reside in the UK cabinet: NA elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; commissioner and administrator appointed by the monarch	chief of state: President Paul KAGAME (since 22 April 2000) head of government: Prime Minister Bernard MAKUZA (since 8 March 2000) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections: last held 25 August 2003 (next to be held NA 2008) election results: Paul KAGAME elected president in first direct popular vote; Paul KAGAME 95.05%, Faustin TWAGIRAMUNGU 3.62%, Jean-Nepomuscene NAYINZIRA 1.33%
Exports	-	NA (2001)
Exports - commodities	-	coffee, tea, hides, tin ore
Exports - partners	-	Indonesia 39.2%, Germany 4.6%, China 3.9% (2003)
Fiscal year	-	calendar year
Flag description	white with six blue wavy horizontal stripes; the flag of the UK is in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the striped section bears a palm tree and yellow crown centered on the outer half of the flag	three horizontal bands of sky blue (top, double width), yellow, and green, with a golden sun with 24 rays near the fly end of the blue band
GDP	-	purchasing power parity - $10.11 billion (2003 est.)
GDP - composition by sector	-	agriculture: 40.7% industry: 21.5% services: 37.8% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita	-	purchasing power parity - $1,300 (2003 est.)
GDP - real growth rate	-	3.5% (2003 est.)
Geographic coordinates	6 00 S, 71 30 E	2 00 S, 30 00 E
Geography - note	archipelago of 2,300 islands; Diego Garcia, largest and southernmost island, occupies strategic location in central Indian Ocean; island is site of joint US-UK military facility	landlocked; most of the country is savanna grassland with the population predominantly rural
Highways	total: NA km paved: short section of paved road between port and airfield on Diego Garcia unpaved: NA km	total: 12,000 km paved: 996 km unpaved: 11,004 km (1999 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share	-	lowest 10%: 4.2% highest 10%: 24.2% (1985)
Imports	-	NA (2001)
Imports - commodities	-	foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material
Imports - partners	-	Kenya 23.3%, Germany 7.5%, Belgium 6.4%, Uganda 6.4%, France 5% (2003)
Independence	-	1 July 1962 (from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship)
Industrial production growth rate	-	7% (2001 est.)
Industries	-	cement, agricultural products, small-scale beverages, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes
Infant mortality rate	-	total: 101.68 deaths/1,000 live births male: 106.68 deaths/1,000 live births female: 96.53 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	-	7.5% (2003 est.)
International organization participation	-	ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)	1 (2000)	-
Irrigated land	0 sq km (1998 est.)	40 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch	-	Supreme Court; communal courts; appeals courts
Labor force	-	4.6 million (2000)
Labor force - by occupation	-	agriculture 90%
Land boundaries	0 km	total: 893 km border countries: Burundi 290 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 217 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km
Land use	arable land: NEGL permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)	arable land: 40.54% permanent crops: 12.16% other: 47.3% (2001)
Languages	-	Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu vernacular, French (official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili) used in commercial centers
Legal system	the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply	based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch	-	unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (53 seats; members elected by direct vote) elections: last held 29 September 2003 (next to be held NA) election results: seats by party under the Arusha peace accord - RPF 40, PSD 7, PL 6
Life expectancy at birth	-	total population: 39.18 years male: 38.43 years female: 39.96 years (2004 est.)
Literacy	-	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 70.4% male: 76.3% female: 64.7% (2003 est.)
Location	archipelago in the Indian Ocean, south of India, about one-half the way from Africa to Indonesia	Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo
Map references	Political Map of the World	Africa
Maritime claims	exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 3 NM	none (landlocked)
Military - note	defense is the responsibility of the UK; the US lease on Diego Garcia expires in 2016	-
Military branches	-	Rwandan Defense Forces (Army, Air Forces)
Military expenditures - dollar figure	-	$47.7 million (2003)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP	-	2.9% (2003)
Military manpower - availability	-	males age 15-49: 1,973,713 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service	-	males age 15-49: 1,004,296 (2004 est.)
National holiday	-	Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
Nationality	-	noun: Rwandan(s) adjective: Rwandan
Natural hazards	NA	periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo
Natural resources	coconuts, fish, sugarcane	gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), methane, hydropower, arable land
Net migration rate	-	0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
People - note	-	Rwanda is the most densely populated country in Africa
Political parties and leaders	-	Centrist Democratic Party or PDC [Alfred MUKEZAMFURA]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Vincent BIRUTA]; Democratic Popular Union of Rwanda or UDPR [Adrien RANGIRA ]; Democratic Republican Movement or MDR (officially banned) [Celestin KABANDA]; Islamic Democratic Party or PDI [Andre BUMAYA]; Liberal Party or PL [Prosper HIGIRO]; Party for Democratic Renewal (officially banned) [Pasteur BIZIMUNGU and Charles NTAKARUTINKA]; Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF [Paul KAGAME]
Political pressure groups and leaders	-	IBUKA - association of genocide survivors
Population	no indigenous inhabitants note: approximately 1,200 former agricultural workers resident in the Chagos Archipelago, often referred to as Chagossians or Ilois, were relocated to Mauritius and the Seychelles in the 1960's and 1970's, in November 2000 they were granted the right of return by a British High Court ruling, though no timetable has been set; in 2001, there were approximately 1,500 UK and US military personnel and 2,000 civilian contractors living on the island of Diego Garcia (July 2003 est.)	7,954,013 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2004 est.)
Population below poverty line	-	60% (2001 est.)
Population growth rate	-	1.82% (2004 est.)
Ports and harbors	Diego Garcia	Cyangugu, Gisenyi, Kibuye
Radio broadcast stations	AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998)	AM 0, FM 3 (two main FM programs are broadcast through a system of repeaters and the third FM program is a 24 hour BBC program), shortwave 1 (2002)
Religions	-	Roman Catholic 56.5%, Protestant 26%, Adventist 11.1%, Muslim 4.6%, indigenous beliefs 0.1%, none 1.7% (2001)
Sex ratio	-	at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.65 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Suffrage	-	18 years of age; universal adult
Telephone system	general assessment: separate facilities for military and public needs are available domestic: all commercial telephone services are available, including connection to the Internet international: international telephone service is carried by satellite (2000)	general assessment: telephone system primarily serves business and government domestic: the capital, Kigali, is connected to the centers of the prefectures by microwave radio relay and, recently, by cellular telephone service; much of the network depends on wire and HF radiotelephone international: country code - 250; international connections employ microwave radio relay to neighboring countries and satellite communications to more distant countries; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) in Kigali (includes telex and telefax service)
Telephones - main lines in use	NA	23,200 (2002)
Telephones - mobile cellular	-	134,000 note: Rwanda has mobile cellular service between Kigali and several prefecture capitals (2003)
Television broadcast stations	1 (1997)	NA
Terrain	flat and low (most areas do not exceed four meters in elevation)	mostly grassy uplands and hills; relief is mountainous with altitude declining from west to east
Total fertility rate	-	5.55 children born/woman (2004 est.)
Unemployment rate	-	NA
Waterways	none	Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft (2004)

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